Molecular biomarkers can also be used in conjunction with clinical demographics to develop risk scores.47 For example, iPAB score32 (history of arrhythmia or antiarrhythmic agent use, atrial dilation and BNP elevation) of ⩾4 had 95% specificity, suggesting possible targetted use of expensive monitoring devices. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is Arrhythmia.