IL1B and infection: Many studies reported that galU is related to cell adhesion capacity and pathogenicity; for example, the mutation of galU in Francisella tularensis (FT) led to a highly cytotoxic phenotype and rapid induction of IL-1b production after infection in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that galU mutants promote protective immunity against wild-type FT in a sublethal infection in mice (Jayakar et al., 2011).