Among three-month-old mice, 34.9% ± 3.4% CD11b+ microglia, 56.5% ± 1.7% GFAP+ astrocytes, 14.6% ± 0.4% CD31+ endothelial cells, and 33.0% ± 4.0% Sox10+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells were co-localized with AF (arrows, Figures 2A, C, D, F, G, I, J, L). This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and atrial fibrillation.