In aged brains, 68.1% ± 3.3% CD11b+ microglia, 63.5% ± 2.9% GFAP+ astrocytes, 32.2% ± 2.0% CD31+ endothelial cells, and 52.4% ± 3.5% Sox10+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells were co-localized with AF. This evidence concerns the gene SOX10 and atrial fibrillation.