TRPV1 and brain ischemia: On the other hand, more recent investigation demonstrates that post-ischemia TRPV1 inhibition limited neuronal damage by decreasing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 (Hakimizadeh et al., 2017), which are usually upregulated after brain ischemia and modulate inflammation and neuronal death (Lehnardt et al., 2007).