TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: 1. TLR4 promotes the development of steatohepatitis-related HCC (34)2. In NAFLD, Liver macrophages activates HSCs through cGAS-STING pathway (35)3. MtDNA from hepatocytes of HFD-fed mice induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression in Kupffer cells through STING pathway (36)4. Activation of TLR7 signaling in Kupffer cells induces hepatocyte death and inhibit Treg cells activities, leading to the progression of NASH (37)