To understand whether air pollutants can promote the formation of lung tumours without inducing exogenous mutational signatures, we studied EGFR-driven lung cancer, which has a high prevalence in LCINS (in England, the probability that a LCINS is caused by an EGFR-driven tumour is 36–40%), owing to its low mutational burden11–13 and greater incidence in countries in Asia4 (Supplementary Tables 1–3). Here, EGFR is linked to neoplasm.