TNF and atrial fibrillation: Considering the putative effect of benznidazole on biological mechanisms contributing to stroke, our studies in chronically T. cruzi-infected mice showed that benznidazole therapy abrogated atrial fibrillation and reduced the expression of chemokines and cytokines (such as CCL3, TNF, and IFNγ) in the cardiac and the systemic inflammatory profile, as decreased the TNF and nitric oxide serum levels.19