TGFB1 and rheumatic heart disease: Based on the increased expression of the fibrogenic cytokine—TGF-β1 [55,56] and its downstream molecules in the resected valves of RHD, Karthikeyan et al. have succinctly posited the fundamental role of TGF-β1 signaling in the initiation and sustenance of fibro-inflammatory process in the disease.