As shown in Fig 3, the COVID-19 group had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (P<0.01), IL-2 (P<0.01), IP-10 (P<0.01), IL-1β (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.002), IL-8 (P = 0.003), and TNF (P = 0.014) when compared to the unexposed healthy group. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.