In addition, the authors performed a multifaceted analysis of tumor tissues in the untreated state, including the proportion and spatial distribution of immune cells and various cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL13, IL-8, and established a method to predict the efficacy of PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy based on the baseline tumor condition. Here, CXCL8 is linked to neoplasm.