IGF1 and diabetes mellitus: Studies have reported the underlying mechanisms by which exercise prevents muscle wasting in diabetes, such as the activation of muscle protein synthesis via the upregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) [9], prevention of muscle protein degradation due to restored mitochondrial function via the activation of 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [10] or due to oxidative stress [11], and retention of a certain level of oxidative stress [12].