Another notable finding in the present study is that the increase in hippocampal protein carbonylation was accompanied by a much smaller (1.67-fold vs 4.83-fold) increase in Sod2 expression and the absence of Hmox-1 upregulation in STZ-diabetes compared with non-diabetic WT mice exposed to post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia. Here, HMOX1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.