Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 (+29%, p < 0.01), and Murf1 (+14%, p = 0.06) were upregulated in soleus muscles from CKD mice as well as Myostatin (+132%, p < 0.01) (Fig. 3A–C). This evidence concerns the gene FBXO32 and chronic kidney disease.