Antibodies against apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1), a central component of HDL, have been associated with elevated CVD risks among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.2,44 One recent study found higher levels of anti-HDL antibodies in patients with APS and prior arterial thrombosis.45 Future studies should assess the effect of various aPL species and isotypes on HDL function. This evidence concerns the gene FASLG and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.