LEP and cardiac hypertrophy: Many preclinical and clinical studies have proved the link of leptin with atherogenesis and metabolic syndrome. Circulating levels of leptin is positively correlated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease [127]. Increased leptin levels significantly alarms the pathogenic risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [128]. Leptin levels are increased after myocardial infarction in humans [129]. Greater cardiac hypertrophy was observed in leptin deficient mice and provided greater cardiac remodeling in response to chronic ischemic injury [130, 131].