AIF1 and Alzheimer disease: Fingolimod treatment in different AD mouse models (compare previous section) decreased microglia activity compared to untreated AD mice, as probed by Iba1 immunoreactivity, reduced astrogliosis, as probed with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry (Carreras et al. 2019; Kartalou et al. 2020), as well as decreased the number of infiltrating lymphocytes (Aytan et al. 2016; Fagan et al. 2022).