BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, fingolimod was shown to mitigate learning deficits in mice injected with Aβ to mimic AD-like amyloidosis, and this beneficial effect was mediated by increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and downstream tropomyosin related kinase (TrkB) receptor signaling (Doi et al. 2013; Fukumoto et al. 2014).