Current speculation regarding pathogenesis includes that there is a link between AV/DIV, characterized by various degrees of inflammation and present with increased vaginal leucocytes, and highly increased concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6, which are also characteristic of progressive CIN (Donders et al., 2017). Here, IL6 is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.