Thus, in xenograft models of human colon carcinoma HCT116 and hepatoma HuH-7, activation of Nrf2 by hypoglycemic dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (a common class of drugs used in type 2 diabetes mellitus) or by sulforaphane significantly increased the risk of metastasis without increasing the incidence or growth rate of primary tumors (Wang et al., 2016). The gene discussed is DPP4; the disease is colon carcinoma.