Mohamed et al. (2021) investigated the AD-related anti-inflammatory activity of SO, and found that SO significantly improved AlCl3-induced learning and memory impairment in mice, decreased AChE and Aβ levels, down-regulated TNF-α and IL-1β, decreased NF-κB and p38MAPK expression levels, and increased BDNF and PPAR-γ expression, It was shown that SO attenuated neuroinflammation and promoted cognitive recovery by regulating NF-κB/p38MAPK/BDNF/PPAR-γ signaling pathway. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.