INS and diabetes mellitus: All recent publications that reported use of different CRISPR/Cas9 systems for diabetes attenuation were targeting a variety of diabetes-related genes and different cell types: Liao and coworkers (36) succeeded to overexpress Pdx1 in liver cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TGA system which initiated liver cells trans-differentiation into insulin-secreting cells in a mouse model of diabetes.