GPBAR1 and atherosclerosis: The activation of TGR5 signaling regulates several metabolic homeostasis pathways in the following ways: (1) improving insulin resistance by inducing type 2 iodase to increase energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue [46] and increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in enteroendocrine cells [47]; (2) reducing lipid load and inflammation in macrophages to prevent atherosclerosis [11], and (3) reducing blood vessel and liver damage to ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [48].