AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Proteomic analysis for the prediction and diagnosis of HCC has been studied for over 50 years: from the discovery of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as the first serum biomarker for HCC in 1963 (De Mees et al., 2006) to the help of ML algorithms as tools, including RF algorithms, SVMs, logistic regression, and MLP algorithms to cluster proteomes for HCC detection.