Nevertheless, there is a significantly reduced interaction between T cells and TDEs via PD-L1/PD-1 with the absence of ICAM-1, which indicates that the adhesion between tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) and T cells mediated by ICAM-1/LFA-1 is a precondition for PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression (52). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.