VCAM1 and glomerulosclerosis: Matsui et al. screened aptamers targeted against RAGE (RAGE–aptamer) and found that RAGE–DNA–aptamer inhibits urinary albumin excretion, glomerular sclerosis, and increase in the renal AGEs–RAGE level with a reduction in pro–inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., MCP–1, TNF–α, ICAM–1, and VCAM–1) (Matsui et al., 2017).