PA-S14 can activate liver kinase B1 (LKB1), the key upstream kinase for AMPK activation, with no inhibitory effects on mitochondrial complex I. We found that PA-S14 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via LKB1-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathway, which protects against renal TECs cell senescence, renal fibrosis in various CKD models, such as unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI), adriamycin nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomized model (Liu et al., 2022a) (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene STK11 and renal fibrosis.