ALB and diabetic kidney disease: Studies also showed L-carnitine treatment reduces mitochondrial ROS, ameliorates mitochondrial damage in renal TECs, alleviates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in UUO, and reduces urinary albumin excretion in DKD (Ye et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2021a; Ito et al., 2022).