For example, CAFs can induce immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by secreting various cytokines including CXCL12 and other effector molecules, suppressing the immune function of immune effector cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes ultimately create a TIME for immune tolerance that is conducive to tumor progression (Mao et al., 2021). The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is neoplasm.