TGFB1 and neoplasm: MSCs transdifferentiate into CAFs through activating tumor cell and stromal cell-secreted transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) and C-X-C chemokine ligand (CXCL) 16 (Jung et al., 2013; Barcellos-de-Souza et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2016; Ganguly et al., 2020).