A number of immune signalling downstream molecules were validated and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, NF-κB-p65 and TLR-4 were significantly upregulated after 6h of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, further confirming the involvement of innate immune signaling identified in the study in the process of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (Figure 10E). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ischemia.