Meanwhile, the tumor-triggered glycolytic switch in monocytes has been found to induce the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-1β, which in turn synergistically upregulates the CAXII expression in monocytes (45, 46). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.