While most studies have fasting glucose and insulin measures only (Chen et al., 2022; Rebholz et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2019), we analyzed both basal and dynamic glucose homeostasis, of which dynamic measures could be considered physiologically more proximal to pathogenic components of type 2 diabetes and provide discrete insights into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (Palmer et al., 2018). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.