INS and Insulin resistance: In summary, we confirmed in a representative population of African ancestry that increased plasma metabolite levels of BCAA and their metabolites, 2-aminoadipate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate, arginine and its metabolites, carbohydrate metabolites, and median- and long-chain fatty acids are associated with insulin resistance, while increased plasma metabolite levels in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolic sub-pathway were associated with insulin sensitivity.