TNF and hepatitis B virus infection: Indeed, deregulated pathways (“Malaria”, “Hepatitis B”, “Leishmaniasis”, “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “TNF signaling pathway” and “Measles”) were all related to inflammatory signaling but mainly included genes of the KEGG “apoptosis” or “autophagy” pathways (Atg5, Bcl2, Birc3, Akt2... Fig. 4c, d).