For instance, Armstrong et al. addressed the role of microbiota and fiber fermentation processes in patients with IBD and reported that a subset of fibers, the unfermented dietary β-fructan fibers could induce proinflammatory cytokines in a subset of patients with IBD via activation of the NLRP3 and TLR2 pathways; suggesting that dietary fibers could have detrimental effects in selected patients with active IBD and who specifically lack microbes with fiber-fermentation capabilities [89]. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.