The Kaplan–Meier curves showed that the spatial proximity of macrophages (total, PD-L1+, or PD-L1−) or T cells (total, PD-1+, or PD-1−) with tumour cells, as measured with mean NNDs from immune cell to the closest tumour cell, did not significantly associate with cancer-specific survival (P > 0.005) (Supplementary Fig. S12). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.