In 2015, results from the clinical trials CheckMate 017 and CheckMate 057 revealed that NSCLC patients treated with the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody nivolumab had a median OS extension of ~3 months compared to treatment with doxorubicin (median OS of 9.2 months and 6.0 months, respectively) [19]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.