The cytoprotective protein deglycase (DJ-1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-reated factor 2 (NRF2)/haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway (DJ-1/NRF2/HO-1) is an intracellular antioxidant pathway [204], and overexpression of HO-1 and the presence of its metabolite carbon monoxide inhibit the formation of ROS and the replication of EV-A71 to protect SK-N-SH cells from EV-A71 infection-induced death [203]. Here, HMOX1 is linked to infection.