Except for OOEP, all the other downregulated genes have been linked to male infertility disorders, including NOA and teratozoospermia (Aarabi et al., 2006; Miyamoto et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2020; Greither et al., 2020; Snyder et al., 2020; Her et al., 2021; Ji et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021; Omolaoye et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene OOEP and Abnormal sperm morphology.