TBK1 and Parkinson disease: These findings are consistent with those in an in vivo mouse model where α-Syn-PFF similarly induced DNA damage, TBK1 activation, and IFN production by microglia in situ that preceded PD-like dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and the demonstration that substantia nigra pars compacta tissue from human PD patients show elevated STING protein levels that correlate with α-Syn-PFF accumulation (223).