At 7 dpi with influenza, BAL from mice exposed to e-cigarette aerosol generated from the carrier VG/PG or from VG/PG/Nic had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1 compared to mice exposed to air (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and influenza.