Given that CXCL1 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant (34–36), MCP-1 is involved in leukocyte trafficking and inflammatory responses (37, 38), and IL-17A is involved in host defenses (39), this suggests that aerosolized nicotine exposure may have primed the lungs of mice for a pro-inflammatory response at baseline before influenza infection. This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and influenza.