AVP and autoimmune disease: Furthermore, some PBMCs express both AVP and CRH (Reder, 1992; Russell and Walley, 2010) and are also expressed in T cells, B cells, and macrophages, suggesting a possible relationship between chronic stress and autoimmune diseases, as it has been described in central diabetes insipidus (lack of AVP) and RA, where the presence of AVP is considered an inductor of inflammatory disorders (Elands, 1990; Patchev et al., 1993; Bellis et al., 1994; Chikanza and Grossman, 1998; Pivonello et al., 2003; Russell and Walley, 2010).