INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Currently, drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes include metformin, insulin secretagogues, α-glycosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones (TZD), dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP-4i), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), and insulin (Sharma et al., 2018a; American diabetes Association, 2022).