The potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between Cd and osteoporosis have been explored, including impairing the viability, proliferative ability, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) through the NF-κB and P2X7-PI3K-AKT signaling pathways (14, 34). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and osteoporosis.