PDCD1 and glioblastoma: In addition, PD-1 neoadjuvant therapy similarly modulated the tumor immune microenvironment in a single-arm phase II clinical trial(NCT02550249) aiming to examine the feasibility, safety, and immunobiological effects of PD-1 blockade in individuals undergoing surgery for glioblastoma [36], resulting in elevated cytokine expression, increased immune cell tumor infiltration, and clonal expansion of tumor-infiltrating T cells.