TNF and acute chest syndrome: Fig 2 shows the difference in these cytokine levels for ACS vs non-ACS groups at 2 years, with elevated IL-5 (ACS, 0.54 [-0.11, 1.40] vs non-ACS, 0.29 [-0.26, 1.12], p = 0.029), IL-13 (ACS 1.15 [0.05, 2.07] vs no ACS: 0.55 [0.05, 1.57], p = 0.046) and TNF (ACS, 1.08 [0.33, 1.95] vs non-ACS: 0.91 [0.33, 1.61], p = 0.017) in patients with ACS. There were no significant changes in individual cytokine levels from baseline to 2 years for patients with ACS vs no ACS (S1 Fig).