IRF3 and epithelial neoplasm: The recombinant ISM1 could induce interferon gene and interferon-induced antiviral protein expression through TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) antiviral pathway, thus reducing GCRV-induced epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (EPC) lesions and promoting antiviral immune response (C. Li et al. 2021).