TNF and cancer: It also plays a role in regulating apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis, and acts on pathways that include transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), interleukin-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/JAK/STAT3), interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor κB (TNF-α/NF-κB), IL-2/STAT5, and other pathways involved in regulating the occurrence and development of cancer(M. Chen et al. 2014; Yuan et al. 2012).