Furthermore, infection with some viruses (e.g., human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 [HTLV-1]) causes increased levels of GSK3β phosphorylation and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) (21). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.