IL-1β is elevated in maternal serum from third trimester pregnancies affected by placental insufficiency and FGR (96, 97), and in peripheral blood from growth-restricted or -limited infants (98).IL1A mRNA expression is increased in placentas from growth-restricted pregnancies (99).Polymorphisms in IL1A and IL1B are not significantly associated with FGR (100).No significant differences in IL-1 abundance are observed in amniotic fluid and cord blood between growth-restricted and appropriately grown infants (101–103). Here, IL1A is linked to placental insufficiency.