We first confirmed that key proteins associated with the T-cell residency phenotype, including IL-15 and TGF-β, were upregulated in HCC tissues using histological methods (Figures S1A–S1D), indicating that the HCC microenvironment is conducive to the development and residency of intrahepatic CD8+ TRM cells. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.