The activated p38 MAPK, in turn, promotes the production of cytokines (TGFβ and TNFα) and interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β) within the tumor microenvironment, all of which are known to play a role in promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis (89). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.