TNF and tuberculosis: In addition, the study findings also revealed that LTBI-PDM is also characterized by diminished frequencies of mono-functional CD8+ Tc1 (IFNγ, IL-2 and TNFα) and Tc17 (IL-17A, IL-17F and INFγ) cells at baseline and upon TB antigen stimulation, indicating that PDM is correlated with alterations of the immune response in LTBI with compromised CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function.