PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Among them, inhibition of the PD-1 axis, including antibody-mediated programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade, increased the survival rates of many NSCLC patients (Larsen et al., 2019; He et al., 2022; Tan and Tan, 2022).