However, as TMPRSS2 inhibition is detrimental to the prognosis of LUAD patients who have no response to anti-PD-1 therapy, its use in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in LUAD patient needs to be thoughtfully considered, since the different roles of TMPRSS2 expression level in patients with COVID-19 infection and in LUAD patients who do not respond to PD-1 treatment, trade-offs need to be made in medicating TMPRSS2 inhibitors, such as ginsenosides to gain prophylactic and therapeutic benefits against COVID-19 and treatment in LUAD patients. Here, PDCD1 is linked to COVID-19.