CD8A and COVID-19: The actin cytoskeleton signature was significantly (adjusted p-values = 0.033 and 0.000309) upregulated in COVID-19 patients compared to HIV-1+ individuals and healthy donors (Figure 6E, left), and was especially pronounced in effector CD8 T cells, proliferating T and NK cells, and precursor exhausted CD8 T cells (Figure 6E, right and Supplementary Figure S8A).