ISG15 and COVID-19: In the validation dataset, we found many HIV-1-specific IFN-I genes (such as IFI30, IRF9, ISG15, and IFITM2) to be upregulated by HIV-1+ individuals (Supplementary Figure S7B), as well as many COVID-19-specific IFN-I genes (such as IRF4, MX1, IFNAR1, and OAS3) to be upregulated by COVID-19 patients (Supplementary Figure S47C)