In contrast, we found a shared decrease in naïve and central memory CD4+ T cells and naïve CD8+ T cells in both COVID-19 and HIV-1+ patients (Figures 5C, D), suggesting that viral infection is polarizing both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells toward cytotoxicity programs, especially following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, CD8A is linked to COVID-19.